All terms in DRUGBANK

Label Id Description
Pexidartinib DB12978 [Pexidartinib is a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor that works by inhibiting the colony-stimulating factor (CSF1)/CSF1 receptor pathway. Pexidartinib was originally developed by Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. and it was approved by the FDA in August 2019 as the first systemic therapy for adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor.[L7901] Tenosynovial giant cell tumor is a rare form of non-malignant tumor that causes the synovium and tendon sheaths to thicken and overgrow, leading to damage in surrounding joint tissue.[A182240,L7901] Debilitating symptoms often follow with tenosynovial giant cell tumors, along with a risk of significant functional limitations and a reduced quality of life in patients.[L7901] While surgical resection is a current standard of care for tenosynovial giant cell tumor, there are tumor types where surgeries are deemed clinically ineffective with a high risk of lifetime recurrence.[L7895] Pexidartinib works by blocking the immune responses that are activated in tenosynovial giant cell tumors. In clinical trials, pexidartinib was shown to promote improvements in patient symptoms and functional outcomes in TGCT.[A182243] Pexidartinib is available in oral formulations and it is commonly marketed as Turalio.[L7901]]
Rubella virus vaccine DB10317 [Rubella virus vaccine is a live attenuated virus vaccine for active immunization against rubella (German measles) that is subcutaneously administered. It is prepared from RA 27/3 strain of live attenuated rubella virus. Rubella is a common childhood disease, caused by rubella virus (togavirus).]
Afuresertib DB11648 [Afuresertib has been used in trials studying the treatment of Cancer and Neoplasms, Haematologic.]
Pactimibe DB12971 [Pactimibe has been used in trials studying the treatment of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease.]
Sepranolone DB12972 [Sepranolone has been investigated for the treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.]
Serlopitant DB12973 [Serlopitant has been investigated for the treatment of Prurigo Nodularis.]
Roniciclib DB12974 [Roniciclib has been investigated for the treatment of Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.]
Recombinant Cholera Toxin B Subunit DB11643 [Recombinant Cholera Toxin B Subunit is an ingredient in the EMA-authorised product Dukoral.]
Human papillomavirus type 45 L1 capsid protein antigen DB10312 [Human papillomavirus type 45 L1 capsid protein antigen is contained in Gardasil is a vaccine for intramuscular injection. It is an immunization for young men and women 9-26 years of age for the prevention of diseases caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) type 45. The vaccine is prepared from the purified virus-like particles (VLPs) of the major capsid (L1) protein of HPV Type 45 which are produced by separate fermentations in recombinant *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* and self-assembled into VLPs.]
Human papillomavirus type 33 L1 capsid protein antigen DB10311 [Human papillomavirus type 33 L1 capsid protein antigen is contained in Gardasil is a vaccine for intramuscular injection. It is an immunization for young men and women 9-26 years of age for the prevention of diseases caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) type 33. The vaccine is prepared from the purified virus-like particles (VLPs) of the major capsid (L1) protein of HPV Type 33 which are produced by separate fermentations in recombinant *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* and self-assembled into VLPs.]
Pitolisant DB11642 [Pitolisant is a selective antagonist or inverse agonist of the histamine H3 receptor that is used in the treatment of type 1 or 2 narcolepsy.[L1471,L8063] Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that that affects 1 in 2,000 individuals and is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, abnormal REM sleep manifestations, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.[A32025] About 60-70% of patients with narcolepsy experience cataplexy, which is a sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by positive or negative emotions.[A32022] As histaminergic signalling in neurons plays a role in maintaining wakefulness, pitolisant works by blocking histamine autoreceptors and enhancing the activity of brain histaminergic neurons, as well as increasing the signaling of other neurotransmitters in the brain.[L1471] In a European clinical trial of adult patients with narcolepsy, a reduction in the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score was observed from pitolisant treatment compared to placebo.[A32024] The therapeutic effectiveness of pitolisant was comparable to that of [DB00745].[A32024] Pitolisant therapy was also effective in treating refractory sleepiness in adolescent patients with narcolepsy, where it decreased ESS score and increased the mean sleep onset latency.[A32023] Adolescent patients with cataplexy also experienced a slight improvement in the frequency and severity of symptoms,[A32023] however, the safety of use in adolescent or paediatric patients have not been established with pitolisant. Commonly marketed under the trade name Wakix, oral pitolisant was approved by the EMA in 2016 [A183062] for the treatment of narcolepsy with or without cataplexy [L1471] and by the FDA in 2019 for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) associated with narcolepsy in adults.[L8063]]
Vinflunine DB11641 [Vinflunine is a third-generation member of the vinca alkaloid family with anti-tumour actions. It was first described in 1998 at the Pierre Fabre research center in France. Like other vinca agents, vinflunine is an anti-mitotic agent that induces a cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and promotes cell death via apoptosis [L1396]. Vinflunine is a microtubule inhibitor that binds to tubulin at or near to the vinca binding sites to inhibits its polymerization into microtubules during cell proliferation [L1396]. In murine tumors and human tumor xenografts, vinflunine exhibits an antitumor efficacy than [DB00361], [DB00570], and [DB00541] [A31975]. Having an incidence of 429,700 new cases per year worldwide, urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is one of the most common malignancies that mostly affects individuals aged 50–79 years [A32626]. Some patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma experience inadequate therapeutic response from a prior platinum-containing regimen. While these patients have a median survival of approximately 4 months and a poor prognosis [L1396], there is currently no standard therapy in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma [A32626]. In 2009, vinflunine was approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) as a second-line therapy of metastatic and advanced urothelial cancer after failure of platinum-based treatment [A32626]. Vinflunine ditartrate is an active ingredient in the EMA-authorised product Javlor for intravenous infusion. Efficacy and safety of vinflunine has not been studied in patients with performance status of 2 or less. The clinical use of vinflunine in other urologic malignancies, such as inoperable cancer of the penis, are currently have been investigated [A32626].]
Human papillomavirus type 31 L1 capsid protein antigen DB10310 [Human papillomavirus type 31 L1 capsid protein antigen is contained in Gardasil is a vaccine for intramuscular injection. It is an immunization for young men and women 9-26 years of age for the prevention of diseases caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) type 31. The vaccine is prepared from the purified virus-like particles (VLPs) of the major capsid (L1) protein of HPV Type 31 which are produced by separate fermentations in recombinant *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* and self-assembled into VLPs.]
Levoglucose DB12970 [Levoglucose has been used in trials studying the diagnostic of Bowel Cleansing Prior to Colonoscopy.]
Amifampridine DB11640 [Amifampridine, or 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP), is a quaternary ammonium compound that blocks presynaptic potassium channels, and subsequently prolongs the action potential and increases presynaptic calcium concentrations [A33863]. It was first discovered in Scotland in the 1970s and its clinical effectiveness for neuromuscular disorders, including Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), has been investigated in the 1980s [L3171]. Amifampridine phosphate is a more stable salt that serves as an active ingredient of EMA-approved Firdapse, which was previously marketed as Zenas. It is currently used as the first-line symptomatic treatment for LEMS in adult patients and is ideally given as oral tablets in divided doses, three or four times a day. Firdapse (amifampridine) was formally approved by the US FDA for the treatment of adults with LEMS as recently as November of 2018 [L4819]. LEMS is a rare auto-immune disorder of the neuromuscular junction that is characterized by proximal muscle weakness, depressed tendon reflexes, and posttetanic potentiation in addition to autonomic dysfunction [A33863]. About 50-60% of the patients develop more rapidly progressive LEMS and small cell lung cancer, which influences the prognosis [A33863]. Patients with LEMS develop serum antibodies against presynaptic P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels, leading to decreased presynaptic calcium levels and reduced quantal release of acetylcholine, which is mainly responsible for causing symptoms of LEMS [A33863]. Reduced acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction leads to decreased frequency of miniature endplate potentials of normal amplitude, and insufficient acetylcholine levels for the activation of postsynaptic muscle fibers following a single nerve impulse [A33863]. This leads to the reduction of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) [A33863]. Treatment for LEMS include immunotherapy such as conventional immunosuppression or intravenous immunoglobulins, however such treatments are recommended in patients in whom symptomatic treatment would not suffice [A33863]. Amifampridine is the nonimmune treatment options for LEMS. In phase III clinical trials of adult patients with LEMS, treatment of amifampridine significantly improved symptoms of LEMS compared to placebo with good tolerance [A33864]. It was demonstrated in clinical studies involving healthy volunteers that the pharmacokinetics and systemic exposure to amifampridine is affected by the genetic differences in N-acetyl-transferase (NAT) enzymes (acetylator phenotype) and NAT2 genotype, which is subject to genetic variation [F272]. Slow acetylators were at higher risk for experiencing drug-associated adverse reactions, such as paresthesias, nausea, and headache [F272].]
Doxorubicin DB00997 [Doxorubicin is a cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic isolated from cultures of Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius. Doxorubicin binds to nucleic acids, presumably by specific intercalation of the planar anthracycline nucleus with the DNA double helix.]
Gabapentin DB00996 [Gabapentin is a structural analogue of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid ([GABA]) that was first approved for use in the United States in 1993.[L8717] It was originally developed as a novel anti-epileptic for the treatment of certain types of seizures[A186277,A186143] - today it is also widely used to treat neuropathic pain.[A14097,A186179] Gabapentin has some stark advantages as compared with other anti-epileptics, such as a relatively benign adverse effect profile, wide therapeutic index, and lack of appreciable metabolism making it unlikely to participate in pharmacokinetic drug interactions.[A186143,A185981,L8717]. It is structurally and functionally related to another GABA derivative, [pregabalin].]
Hydrochlorothiazide DB00999 [Hydrochlorothiazide is the most commonly prescribed thiazide diuretic.[A185138] It is indicated to treat edema and hypertension.[A185138,L8447,L8450] Hydrochlorothiazide use is common but declining in favour of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.[A185138] Many combination products are available containing hydrochlorothiazide and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors[L8390,L8423] or angiotensin II receptor blockers.[L7426,L7459] Hydrochlorothiazide was granted FDA approval on 12 February 1959.[L8444]]
Frovatriptan DB00998 [Frovatriptan is a triptan drug developed by Vernalis for the treatment of migraine headaches, in particular those associated with menstruation. Frovatriptan causes vasoconstriction of arteries and veins that supply blood to the head.]
Azathioprine DB00993 [An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug. It is an imidazolyl derivative of 6-mercaptopurine and many of its biological effects are similar to those of the parent compound. Azathioprine is converted into 6-mercaptopurine in the body where it blocks purine metabolism and DNA synthesis.]