All terms in DRUGBANK

Label Id Description
Cetalkonium DB11583 [Cetalkonium is a C16 alkyl benzalkonium chloride derivative with an amphipathic property which allows it to be used in different types of formulations.[A27143] It is a quaternary ammonium salt that acts as an antiseptic against a variety of bacteria and fungi.[L2137] Cetalkonium is approved by the FDA for its use in over-the-counter products as a skin protectant.[L2737] By Health Canada, it is also approved for its use in over-the-counter products.[L1113]]
Thiocolchicoside DB11582 [Thiocolchicoside is a semi-synthetic derivative of the colchicine, a natural anti-inflammatory glycoside which originates from the flower seeds of _superba gloriosa_. It is a muscle relaxant with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. It has potent convulsant activity and should not be administered to individuals prone to seizures [L1663].]
Venetoclax DB11581 [Venetoclax is a BCL-2 inhibitor that was initially approved by the FDA in April 2016 [FDA label]. Proteins in the B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family are important regulators of the apoptotic (programmed cell death) process [A18565], [A18566]. Venetoclax is used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and certain types of small lymphocytic lymphoma [FDA label]. CLL is the most prevalent leukemia diagnosed in Western countries [A40022]. Venetoclax was developed through reverse engineering of the BCL-2 protein family inhibitor, navitoclax [A40022]. Venetoclax is approximately 10 times more potent than navitoclax with regard to induction of apoptosis in CLL cells [A40022]. A new indication was approved in 2018 for the treatment patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), with or without 17p deletion, who have received at least one prior therapy [FDA label]. Previously, this drug was indicated only for patients with 17p gene deletion [F2130].]
Carbon monoxide DB11588 [Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that has a slightly lower density than air. It is toxic to hemoglobin utilizing animals (including humans), when encountered in concentrations above about 35 ppm, although it is also formed in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some normal biological/homeostatic functions [L2529]. Carbon monoxide (CO), is a ubiquitous environmental product of organic combustion, which is also formed endogenously in the human body, as the byproduct of heme metabolism [A32758]. Exhaled CO (eCO), similar to exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), has been evaluated as a candidate breath biomarker of pathophysiological states, including smoking status, and inflammatory diseases of the lung and other organs. Exhalation of corbon monoxide values have been studied as potential indicators of inflammation in asthma, stable COPD and exacerbations, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, and during surgery or critical care [L2529]. A test of the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO), is one of the most clinically valuable tests of lung function testing. The technique was first described 100 years ago, and applied to clinical practice many years after. The DLCO measures the ability of the lungs to transfer gas from inhaled air to the red blood cells in pulmonary capillaries. The DLCO test is both convenient and simple for the patient to undergo. The ten seconds of breath-holding required for the DLCO maneuver is easier for most patients to perform than the forced exhalation required for other respiratory tests [L2557]. Carbon monoxide is presently used in small amounts in low oxygen modified atmosphere packaging systems (MAP) for fresh meat to stabilize and maintain natural meat color. This use of CO has been generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in several packaging applications for fresh meat products. Since 2002, FDA has favorably reviewed three GRAS notifications for carbon monoxide use in fresh meat packaging [L2537]. The FDA classifies this drug as permitted as a food additive in the packaging and preparation of food products, while following the federal code of regulations [L2531]. There have been several concerns voiced of over the use of carbon monoxide in food products [L2537], [L2538], [L2539]. The European Union has banned the use of carbon monoxide as a color stabilizer in meat and fish. A December 2001 report from the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Food concluded that the gas did not pose a risk provided that food was maintained adequately cold during storage and transport to prevent the growth of microorganisms [L2538]. In New Zealand, the use of carbon monoxide in fish preparation has been banned, as it may mask the effects of food spoilage and bacterial growth [L2539].]
Etafedrine DB11587 [Etafedrine (INN) or ethylephedrine is a long-acting bronchodilator and has been an ingredient combined with other drugs in the brand names Nethaprin [A32757] and Dalmacol [L2568]. It was previously available as both the free base and as the hydrochloride salt manufactured by Sanofi-Aventis (now Sanofi) has been discontinued [L2563]. Ethylephedrine is be formed by alkylating ephedrine with ethyl iodide. The hydrochloride is be prepared by passing hydrogen chloride through a solution of ethylephedrine in diethyl ether [F6]. This belongs to the family of medications called _decongestants_. It acts by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, helping to relieve nasal congestion [F6].]
Asunaprevir DB11586 [Asunaprevir, also named as BMS-650032, is a potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease inhibitor. It has been shown to have a very high efficacy in dual-combination regimens with daclatasvir in patients chronically infected with HCV genotype 1b.[A32528] It was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada and approved by Health Canada on April 22, 2016. The commercialization of asunaprevir was canceled one year later on October 16, 2017.[L1113]]
Drometrizole trisiloxane DB11585 [Drometrizole trisiloxane is a photostable UVA and UVB light filter [A33069, L2780, L2781, L2782, L2783, F81]. The compound is a lipophilic benzotriazole derivative marketed as Meroxyl XL by L'Oreal, although sunscreens with drometrizole trisiloxane are currently only approved for use in the EU, Canada, Australia, and Japan, among other countries. Despite being used elsewhere in the world with relatively few reports of adverse reactions, the FDA continues to cite that the existing scientific record is not sufficient to establish the compound as being generally recognized as safe and effective for over-the-counter sunscreen use [L2795, F82].]
Ravulizumab DB11580 [Ravulizumab is considered a long-acting complement 5 (C5) inhibitor that has been undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) as of 4 February, 2016. A drug similar to ravulizumab (ALXN1210), called eculizumab, is currently approved for the treatment of PNH in 46 countries under the brand name Soliris®. Ravulizumab is considered by Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. to be a "next-generation" eculizumab molecule. Ravulizumab was subsequently approved by the US FDA in December of 2018 for a variety of beneficial characteristics that make it an advanced, next-generation agent in comparison to eculizumab [F2473]. In particular, ravulizumab is currently the first and only long-acting C5 complement inhibitor that can be administered every eight weeks for the treatment of adult patients with PNH whereas eculizumab is a bi-weekly treatment [F2473, FDA Label]. Moreover, virtually all of the phase 3 trial results for ravulizumab have demonstrated the equivalent efficacy and safety established by eculizumab and that patients transition safely and effectively from using eculizumab to ravulizumab [F2473]. Subsequently, whereas PNH patients may have needed to previously plan their lives rather strictly around the bi-weekly infusion administrations of eculizumab, with ravulizumab such patients can find a more relaxed dosing schedule of only six or seven infusions over an entire year [F2473, FDA Label]. Just as the US FDA permitted a timely and expedited approval of ravulizumab ahead of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) date of February 18, 2019 following the use of a rare disease priority review voucher by Ultomiris (ravulizumab) developer Alexion for many of the aforementioned beneficial treatment reasons, regulatory authorities in the European Union (EU) and Japan have currently accepted and are reviewing applications for the approval of Ultomiris (ravulizumab) as a treatment for adults with PNH as well [F2473].]
Parnaparin DB09260 [Parnaparin is an heparin of low molecular weight with antithrombotic effects.]
Imidafenacin DB09262 [Imidafenacin is an antispasmodic agent with anticholinergic effects. It antagonizes muscarinic receptors in the bladder to reduce the frequency of urination in the treatment of overactive bladder. It is marketed in Japan under the tradenames Staybla by Ono Pharmaceutical and Uritos by Kyojin Pharmaceutical.]
Certoparin DB09261 [Certoparin is part of the heparins of low molecular weight that presents high activity against the coagulation factor Xa. It is normally used to prevent deep venous thrombosis.]
Idarucizumab DB09264 [Idarucizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody fragment (Fab) derived from an immunoglobulin G1 isotype molecule that binds to and inactivates the oral anticoagulant dabigatran, thereby reversing its anticoagulant effect. As a direct acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC), one of the risks associated with the use of dabigatran includes bleeding, espeically when given to patients at increased risk (elderly, chronic kidney disease, concomitant NSAID or warfarin use, etc). Approved under the tradename Praxbind (FDA), idarucizumab is indicated for the emergency treatment of dabigatran-associated bleeding in life-threatening or surgically induced situations. Its use is associated with immediate, complete and sustained reversal of the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran. Idarucizumab protein structure can be viewed below, with disulfide bridges at the following points: H22-H95, H149-H205, H225-L-219, L23-L93, L139-L199.]
Patiromer DB09263 [Patiromer is a powder for suspension in water for oral administration, approved in the U.S. as Veltassa in October, 2015. Patiromer is supplied as patiromer sorbitex calcium which consists of the active moiety, patiromer, a non-absorbed potassium-binding polymer, and a calcium-sorbitol counterion. Each gram of patiromer is equivalent to a nominal amount of 2 grams of patiromer sorbitex calcium. The chemical name for patiromer sorbitex calcium is cross-linked polymer of calcium 2-fluoroprop-2-enoate with diethenylbenzene and octa-1,7-diene, combination with D-glucitol. Patiromer sorbitex calcium is an amorphous, free-flowing powder that is composed of individual spherical beads.]
Technetium Tc-99m tilmanocept DB09266 [Technetium Tc-99m tilmanocept is a radiopharmaceutical diagnostic imaging agent approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the imaging of lymph nodes with or without scintigraphic imaging. It is a macromolecule consisting of multiple units of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and mannose, each covalently attached to a 10 kDa dextran backbone [FDA Label]. DTPA serves as a chelating agent for technetium Tc 99m to bind [FDA Label]. Technetium Tc-99m tilmanocept is used in lymphatic mapping and lymph node localization in breast cancer, melanoma, clinically node-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, and other solid tumors [A32169, A32170]. Detecting sentinel lymph node (SLN) is clinically useful in the prognosis and management of the disease, as it is considered as the first lymph node that receives afferent lymphatic drainage from a primary tumor, and may be used to predict tumour staging and metastasis [A32170]. However, as nodal micrometastasis in breast cancer may not be associated with significant changes in survival, it is also important to identify clinically node-negative patients [A32170]. Technetium Tc-99m tilmanocept is a novel CD206 receptor-targeted molecule that selectively binds to mannose receptors expressed on the surface of reticuloendothelial cells in lymph nodes [A32168]. Due to its relatively small molecular weight and small molecular diameter of 7 nm [A32168], technetium Tc-99m tilmanocept displays more rapid injection site clearance, high sentinel node extraction, and low distal node accumulation compared to other conventional radiocolloids [A32170]. It achieves high overall accuracy in detecting SLN [A32169]. Once reconstituted and labelled, technetium Tc99m tilmanocept is intended to be injected in close proximity to the tumor being diagnosed and employed in preoperative gamma detection imaging in combination with various other techniques, including scintigraphy, SPECT, and SPECT/CT [L1157]. It may be administered via subcutaneous, intradermal, subareolar, or peritumoral injection, depending on the tutor location and planned injection technique [FDA Label]. It is marketed under the trade name Lymphoseek. Potential application of technetium Tc-99m tilmanocept to other cancers are being investigated [A32170].]
Lixisenatide DB09265 [Lixisenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is sold under the brand name Adlyxin by Sanofi-Aventis. Adlyxin recieved FDA approval July 28, 2016 [L763].]
Picosulfuric acid DB09268 [Picosulfuric acid is found in laxative products. Sodium picosulfate is a used to treat constipation or induce colon cleansing to prepare the large bowels before colonoscopy or surgery. The combination product containing sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate was introduced to the Canadian market in 2005 and has been used in European countries for many years [A33322].]
Strontium ranelate DB09267 [Strontium ranelate, a strontium (II) salt of ranelic acid, is a medication for osteoporosis. Some reports have shown that strontium ranelate can slow down the progression of osteoarthritis of the knee. This agent presents an atypical mechanism of action in which it increases deposition of new bone by osteoblasts and, simultaneously, reduces the resorption of bone by osteoclasts. It is therefore promoted as a "dual action bone agent" (DABA) indicated for use in treatment of severe osteoporosis. Furthermore, various clinical studies demonstrate the ability of strontium ranelate to improve and strengthen intrinsic bone tissue quality and microarchitecture in osteoporosis by way of a number of cellular and microstructural changes by which anti-fracture efficacy is enhanced. Available for prescription use for a time in some parts of the world as Protelos (strontium ranelate) 2 g granules for oral suspension by Servier, it was ultimately discontinued in 2016-2017 owing to an increased adverse cardiac effects profile along with increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and various life threatening allergic reactions.]
Phenylacetic acid DB09269 [Phenylacetic acid is an organic compound containing a phenyl functional group and a carboxylic acid functional group. It is a white solid with a disagreeable odor. Because it is used in the illicit production of phenylacetone (used in the manufacture of substituted amphetamines), it is subject to controls in countries including the United States and China.]
Atezolizumab DB11595 [Atezolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody used to prevent the interaction of PD-L1 and PD-1, removing inhibition of immune responses seen in some cancers.[A18493,L7489] This medication is reserved for patients whose tumors express PD-L1, cannot receive platinum based chemotherapy, or whose tumors do not respond to platinum based chemotherapy.[L7489] Atezolizumab was granted FDA approval on 18 October 2016.[L7489]]
Domiphen DB11594 [Domiphen bromide is a quaternary ammonium compound that is predominantly employed as a topically administered antiseptic agent.]